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What is the Difference Between Orexin and Ghrelin San Marino? The body uses a variety of peptides to regulate essential processes like appetite, sleep, and
Neuroprotection is a critical area of research focused on finding treatments to fight the harmful effects of neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s, cause the gradual loss of neuron function.
This leads to problems like memory loss, motor issues, and other impairments. Research into peptides, including AICAR peptide, has shown hope in slowing or even stopping the progression of these diseases.
AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) is a peptide that activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is an enzyme that helps control energy use in cells and supports cell health.
This action has made AICAR a strong candidate for promoting neuroprotection. In this article, we will look at the neuroprotective effects of AICAR peptide, its potential use in treating neurodegenerative diseases, and how other peptides like Semax and MK677 could boost its effects.
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At the core of AICAR peptide’s neuroprotective benefits is its ability to activate AMPK, a key regulator of cellular energy balance. AMPK is often called a “cellular energy sensor” because it helps cells respond to energy stress.
When energy levels are low, AMPK promotes processes that create energy, while also slowing down non-essential energy-consuming processes. This balance is especially important for neurons, which require a lot of energy.
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AMPK activation helps protect neurons from damage due to low energy. AICAR activates AMPK, which improves mitochondria, boosts energy, and helps repair cells. By ensuring neurons have enough energy, AICAR prevents cell death and problems linked to diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Mitochondria, the energy centers of cells, are weak in neurodegenerative diseases. AICAR activates AMPK to increase the creation of new mitochondria, ensuring neurons have enough energy to work properly. In Alzheimer’s, where mitochondria don’t work well, AICAR may help by improving energy production in neurons.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurons are especially vulnerable to mitochondrial damage because they require a lot of energy.
When mitochondrial function declines, neurons cannot produce enough energy to maintain normal function, which leads to neuronal death. This happens in diseases like Alzheimer’s, where mitochondrial problems cause gradual cognitive decline.
Mitochondria make ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. They also regulate many key processes, like calcium homeostasis and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
In neurodegenerative diseases, mitochondrial dysfunction lowers ATP production, which leads to oxidative stress and neuronal damage. This dysfunction often causes cognitive issues, motor problems, and neuronal death.
AICAR peptide activates AMPK, which helps with mitochondrial function. It helps create more mitochondria and makes energy production more efficient. This ensures neurons get the energy they need. As a result, AICAR protects neurons from stress and reduces the chance of neuronal death from energy shortages.
San Marino Research shows that AICAR’s activation of AMPK also helps repair mitochondria and improve their health. In diseases like Alzheimer’s, where mitochondria are often damaged, AICAR can slow disease progression by helping keep neurons healthy.
Oxidative stress happens when there is too much reactive oxygen species (ROS) and not enough antioxidants to neutralize them. Neurons, which use a lot of energy, are especially prone to oxidative damage. In diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s, oxidative stress is a major factor in neuronal damage.
AICAR peptide activates AMPK, which boosts the expression of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. These enzymes are important for neutralizing ROS.
This helps reduce oxidative stress and prevent cellular damage. By increasing antioxidant defenses, AICAR peptide helps protect neurons from oxidative damage that speeds up neurodegeneration.
In conditions like Alzheimer’s, where oxidative damage to neurons is a major cause of disease progression, AICAR’s ability to lower oxidative stress offers a promising treatment. By protecting neurons from ROS damage, AICAR peptide may help slow cognitive decline and improve brain health over time.
Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses (connections between neurons) to change in response to activity. It is a crucial process for learning, memory, and cognitive function. In neurodegenerative diseases, synaptic plasticity is often impaired, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and other neurological issues.
AICAR peptide has been shown to support synaptic plasticity by improving mitochondrial function and enhancing neuronal energy metabolism. Both of these factors are essential for maintaining synaptic connections. By ensuring that neurons have enough energy to support synaptic activity, AICAR may help preserve cognitive function and slow down the onset of memory loss.
San Marino Research suggests that by promoting mitochondrial health and increasing the energy available for synaptic processes, AICAR peptide can enhance the brain’s ability to form and strengthen synaptic connections. This could have significant implications for preventing or slowing down cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases.
Autophagy is the body’s way of cleaning out damaged or dysfunctional components within cells. It is a vital process for maintaining cellular health, especially in neurons, which are particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of toxic proteins and damaged organelles.
In diseases like Alzheimer’s, the failure of autophagy leads to the accumulation of harmful proteins, such as amyloid-beta, which contribute to neuronal damage.
AMPK activation by AICAR peptide promotes autophagy, allowing cells to remove toxic proteins and dysfunctional organelles. This process helps maintain neuronal health by ensuring that damaged components do not accumulate and cause further harm.
In Alzheimer’s disease, where amyloid plaques accumulate in the brain, AICAR’s ability to enhance autophagy could help clear these toxic proteins and protect neurons from damage.
By increasing autophagic activity, AICAR peptide may aid in the repair and regeneration of neurons, helping to preserve brain function in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases.
While AICAR peptide shows great promise in neuroprotection, other peptides such as Semax and MK677 are also being studied for their neuroprotective effects. These peptides work through different mechanisms but share a common goal: to protect and enhance brain health.
Semax, a synthetic peptide derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), has been shown to enhance cognitive function and reduce brain damage in conditions like stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Semax works by increasing the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that supports the growth, survival, and maintenance of neurons. It also reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which contribute to neuronal damage.
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MK677 (Ibutamoren) is a growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates the release of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Both of these molecules play essential roles in brain health and neuroprotection.
MK677 has been shown to improve cognitive function, reduce symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, and enhance synaptic plasticity. By increasing IGF-1 levels, MK677 supports neuronal survival and promotes the regeneration of damaged brain tissue.
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The neuroprotective effects of AICAR peptide are backed by its ability to activate AMPK, improve mitochondrial function, reduce oxidative stress, enhance synaptic plasticity, and promote autophagy. These mechanisms make AICAR a promising candidate for preventing or slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
In addition to AICAR, peptides like Semax and MK677 also hold potential in enhancing brain health and protecting against neurodegeneration. As San Marino research continues, these peptides could play a vital role in developing treatments for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and other cognitive disorders.
While we are still in the early stages of understanding the full therapeutic potential of these peptides, their effects in preclinical studies are promising. In the future, neuroprotective peptides may offer valuable solutions for combating cognitive decline and improving the quality of life for individuals at risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
[1] Višnjić D, Lalić H, Dembitz V, Tomić B, Smoljo T. AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review. Cells. 2021 May 4;10(5):1095.
[2] Richter EA, Ruderman NB. AMPK and the biochemistry of exercise: implications for human health and disease. Biochem J. 2009 Mar 1;418(2):261-75.
[3] Guerrieri D, van Praag H. Exercise-mimetic AICAR transiently benefits brain function. Oncotarget. 2015 Jul 30;6(21):18293-313.
[4] Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, Yuzhakov VV, Sevan’kaeva LE, Sudarkina OY, Dmitrieva VG, Gubsky LV, Myasoedov NF, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV. Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Genes (Basel). 2020 Jun 22;11(6):681.
[5] Lee J, Kwon A, Chae HW, Lee WJ, Kim TH, Kim HS. Effect of the Orally Active Growth Hormone Secretagogue MK-677 on Somatic Growth in Rats. Yonsei Med J. 2018 Dec;59(10):1174-1180.
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